Tuesday, February 9, 2016

Ayutthaya - A destroyed city

          Ayutthaya city is the capital of Ayutthaya province in Thailand. Located in the valley of the Chao Phraya River, the city was founded in 1350 by King U Thong, who went there to escape a smallpox outbreak in Lop Buri and proclaimed it the capital of his kingdom, often referred to as the Ayutthaya kingdom or Siam. Here is a folktale about this city.

Destroyed Palace

          There was lovely princess who gave birth to a beautiful prince. Instead of happiness, a sorrowfulness propagated among the people in the palace. For this the princess was interrogated by many people in their mind. Because the princess was unmarried. She was so innocent and childish that there was no lover of her. So how is it possible? An investigation committee was created using the best of the secret agents of the state to investigate the matter. After doing through investigation the chief of the investigating committee proposed the truth in the court. The father of the child born from the princess is a very low class people working in the king's garden, actually a hunchback. The man's body was covered with millions of tiny to tiniest lumps from head to toe. Also the chief cleared that there was no meeting happened between the princes and the hunchback ever. How is it possible, this could be a mysterious for general people like us, but for some intelligent officers, it was crystal clear. As it happened actually, that hunchback had once urinated over a berry tree. Once the princess along with her friends went for an evening walk to the garden and ate few of the tasty berries from that tree. So she got impregnated with that man.

          So the princess and her son along with that lumps bearing man was exiled by the court of law. She was walking behind that man along with her child. Being handicapped, the man was able to walk slowly and so the princess had to follow. People around the palace started to taunt them in many ways. Being unable to bear those taunts, the man entered the forest, followed by the princess. Being in their mind, the wild animals would eat them and finish the intolerable pain. But it animals seemed to be hating them to eat. Finally that man tried to talk the princess gathering some courage: "perhaps our fate is playing a mischievous game with us. To live or die, what to do? Probably the god might show some way to us, Lets pray the God." After some time the God appeared before them and granted them any three wishes.

          The hunchback asked "Dear God, it might be by the grace of you or by our fate, if I were to marry a princess, then is it suitable for a mere man like me having millions of lumps covering my entire body to be with the beautiful princess?" With the blink of his eyes, he became a handsome without any lumps over his body. Then he asked, the princess should live in a palace not in a forest and without a kingdom there is no question of a palace. Instantly the God granted him a kingdom with full of beautiful palaces. Finally, he mentioned "due to this innocent child, I got this wonderful fate, be it passively. So I need a golden hammock for the baby." A golden hammock appeared suddenly before them. After disappearance of God, he converted that forest into a beautiful city called Ayutthaya (in the name of Ayodhya).


Destroyed temples

          But history says different thing, like the King Fyaan U Thong shifted his capital to this city. Inspired by Ramayan, he renamed himself to Ramatibodi and renamed his capital Ayutthaya with reference to Ayodhya. With the time being passed through many generation, it was established as  a center of Buddhism in south-east Asia. But in 1767 Burmese armies invaded this. Ayutthaya's art treasures, the libraries containing its literature and the archives housing its historic records were almost destroyed, and city was left in ruins. Though Burmese people are follower of Buddhism, they did not hesitate to slit the heads of hundreds of Buddha idols. They might be thinking their Buddha was different from Thai Buddha. The city was destroyed and robbed by them. Whatever left from these barbaric, the time has tried to keep them alive today.

Buddha head hanging in the banyan tree


          A slashed Buddha head is still hanging by the prop roots of an old banyan tree. It might be giving a message "today's idol mafias are not less than the barbaric who looted the city during that period.".

Bang Pa-In Palace

          Bang Pa-In Royal Palace also known as the Summer Palace, is a palace complex formerly used by the Thai kings. It lies beside the Chao Phraya River in Bang Pa-In district, Ayutthaya Province. King Prasat Thong constructed the original complex in 1632, but it fell into disuse and became overgrown in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, until King Mongkut began to restore the site in the mid-19th century. Most of the present buildings were constructed between 1872 and 1889 by King Chulalongkorn. There is a pavilion constructed in the middle of a pond. In the bank of the pond, there are several pavilions. Out of which, one of the building is complete sorrowful. There is a story behind this.


          Once upon a time, the prince of that palace was engaged with a princess from a different state. One day it was decided the princess would came to meet his fiancee lonely. If the joyful and dreamer princess could have reached the palace on time, hopefully there would not be any sorrowful incident happened that day. But the teen reached the palace one hour prior to the fixed timing to meet her prince. In the mean time, she forgot to inform the prince about his prior arrival and entered the chamber like a breeze being impatient. Being in the mind, she would give a surprise to the prince. Rather she got surprised to see the situation there. At that time the prince was busy in love-making with some other lady. By the way, seeing his fiancee suddenly at his chamber, the prince adjusted himself to the situation and tried to greet her with soft words. But the princess turned around and went away. She ordered the sailor of her beautiful ship towards the center of the river. In the mean time, the prince got ready with suitable attire and reached at the river bank with some invaluable presents to please his princess. There was a beautiful tent inside the ship. He thought the princess would be sitting there silently being angry. One of the maid went inside to inform to the princess about the arrival of the prince. But the teen was not there. By that time she was drowned in the river.

          This pavilion holds the remembrance of this incident.

Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

     The ancient land of Odisha, formerly known as Kalinga, was characterized by a strong tribal presence. It was the conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty that decided the emperor's conversion to Buddhism. Evidence of this is given by the edict that Ashoka  himself had carved on a rock in the shape of an elephant at Dhaul, near Bhubaneswar. The hills at Udayagiri and Khandagiri contain many 1st-2nd century BC rock dwellings excavated by Jain monks under the patronage of Kharavela, king of Kalinga.  

     Odisha has a number of architectural wonders linked to different expressions of Indian spirituality. The rock settlements at Udayagiri and Khandagiri were the dwellings of Jain monks, the monasteries on Ratnagiri hill were a cultured and refined Buddhist center. At Bhubaneswar the majority of temples were dedicated to Lord Shiva while in Puri it is Jagannath, a manifestation of Lord Vishnu.

     The caves are situated on two adjacent hills, Udayagiri and Khandagiri as Kumari Parvat. They have a number of finely carved caves. The number of existing caves t Udayagiri is 18, while Khandagiri has 15. The Chedi dynasty reigned in the area Bhubaneswar between 180-100 BC. The inscription in the Hatigumpha (the cave of elephant) details the life and devotion to Jainism of their most famous king, Kharavela. Kharavela and his pious wife decorated the caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri. The cells are ringed with columns and architraves topped by lunettes showing mythical landscapes and are connected by elaborate friezes showing busy scenes from court life, hunting expeditions and popular stories. The cells are onto colonnaded verandahs or directly onto courtyards like, the ground floor of the complex at Ranigumpha (the cave of the queen). Ranigumpha and Ganeshagumpha (the cave of God  Ganesh) are the two largest and most important caves on the site. Ganeshagumpha is decorated with lovely frieze and has carvings of two round elephants standing outside. The best conserved cave in Khandagiri hill is Ananta, where the cells are protected by armed dvarapala (the guardians of the door) and open onto a verandah overlooking a wide courtyard. The Ananta cave depicts carved figures of women, elephants, athletes and geese carrying flowers.


Ranigumpha

Caves at Udayagiri : 

  1. Ranigumpha
  2. Bajagharagumpha
  3. Chota Hathigumpha
  4. Alkapurigumpha
  5. Jaya-vijayagumpha
  6. Panasagumpha
  7. Thakuranigumpha
  8. Patalapurigumpha
  9. Mancapurigumpha
  10. Ganesagumpha
  11. Jambesvaragumpha
  12. Vyaghragumpha
  13. Sarpagumpha
  14. Hathigumpha
  15. Dhanagharagumpha
  16. Haridasagumpha
  17. Jagammathgumpha
  18. Rosaigumpha


Ganesha Gumpha

Hathi Gumpha

Bagha Gumpha


Caves at Khandagiri :


  1. Tatowa gumpha No.-1
  2. Tatowa gumpha No.-2
  3. Ananta gumpha
  4. Tentuli gumpha
  5. Khandagiri gumpha
  6. Dhyana gumpha
  7. Navamuni gumpha
  8. Barabhuji gumpha
  9. Trusula gumpha
  10. Ambika gumpha
  11. Lalatendukesari gumpha
  12. Unnamed
  13. Unnamed
  14. Ekadasi gumpha
  15. Unnamed


Khandagiri Caves